ADDITIVES FOR PLASTICS

AN OVERVIEW OF ADDITIVES

Types and uses of additives; The main effect of additives on the properties of a compound; Main types of additive for plastics, and their functions.



2 - OVERVIEW: TYPES AND MAIN TECHNICAL TRENDS

Current lines of development: fillers, pigments, plasticisers, stabilisers, flame retardants; Special additives, antistatic and conductive additives, food contact and medical additives, clarifiers, nucleating agents, compatibilisers; Multi-functional formulations; Masterbatches; Dendritic polymers.



3 - OVERVIEW: THE WORLD MARKET

World consumption of additives; World production and consumption of major thermoplastics, 1999-2005 ('000 tonnes); The market for masterbatch; Commercial trends; Growth of specialist compounders; Regional factors; Recent mergers and takeovers in the additives sector (1997-2000).



Modifying specific properties: mechanical properties:



4 - FILLERS

Effect of fillers: mechanical properties, thermal properties, moisture content, reinforcement mechanism of fillers - Factors for compounding, aggregation of fillers - Types of fillers: calcium carbonate, kaolin, magnesium hydroxide (talc), wollastonite, silica, metal powders, microspheres, expandable microspheres, cellulose fillers - Surface modification: particle geometry, coating - Nano technology, processing nanocomposites - Commercial trends.



Modifying specific properties: mechanical properties:



5 - REINFORCEMENTS

Fibres - the basic properties; Types of reinforcing fibre: aramid, carbon/graphite, glass fibre, E-CR glass, polyester, hybrid fibres; Other fibres: asbestos, boron, nylon; Natural fibres; Forms of reinforcement; Long fibre reinforcement; New developments; Commercial trends.



Modifying specific properties: colour and appearance:



6 - PIGMENTS, DYESTUFFS, SPECIAL EFFECTS

Main types of pigment and colourant: mixed metal oxides, dyes, liquid colours; Addition of colourants; Replacement of cadmium; Special effects: aluminium, pearlescents, light interference pigments, fluorescents, thermochromic and photochromic; Laser marking; Pigment dispersants; Multifunctional systems; Pigments for engineering plastics; Effect of pigments on dimensions; Recent developments; Commercial trends.



Modifying specific properties: appearance:



7 - PIGMENTS: BLACK AND WHITE

Types of white pigment: titanium dioxide, surface treatments, opacity and tinting strength; zinc sulphide; Other white pigments and extenders; Properties of white pigments and fillers; White masterbatch; New developments; Black pigments: carbon black, Effect of particle size and structure on properties; Testing for properties; Other black pigments; Black masterbatch; Recent developments; Commercial trends: titanium dioxide, carbon black.



Modifying specific properties: resistance to heat:



8 - HEAT STABILISERS

How they work; Polymer heat-stabilisers selection guide; Antioxidants: primary, secondary; Blends; Replacement of heavy metals; Effect of silica; Benzoxazolone derivatives; New chemistry for stabilisers: lactone chemistry, Vitamin E; Recent developments; Other stabilisers.



Modifying specific properties: resistance to light:



9 - UV STABILISERS

How they work; UV screening pigments; Absorbers; Energy transfer agents/quenchers; Hindered amine light stabilisers; Synergists with HALS; Polymeric stabilisers; Blends; Replacement of heavy metals; UV-stabilisers selection guide; Selection of antioxidants for use with UV stabilisers; New chemistry; Recent developments.



Modifying specific properties: flammability:



10 - FLAME RETARDANT ADDITIVES

How they work; Summary of the main FR additives: reactive, additive; Halogenated compounds: chlorinated, brominated; Other flame retardants: melamine cyanurate (MC); Phosphorus; Effect of individual fillers; Combinations of flame retardants; Synergistic reactions; Intumescents; Halogen-free systems; Health and the environment: Recycling; New developments: Nanocomposites; Commercial trends.

polystyrene

Properties

Glass transition temperature: 100^oC.

Amorphous density at 25^oC: 1.05 g/cm³.

Molecular weight of repeat unit: 104.1 g/mol.

Repeat Unit

C₈H₈

Description

Polystyrene (PS) is a clear, colorless polymer used extensively for low-cost applications. It is available commercially in both pellet and sheet form. The most serious deficiencies are low impact strength, poor weatherability and poor chemical resistance. Numerous modified grades which seek to correct these shortcomings are commercially available.

Polyethylene Terephthalate Polyester ( PET, PETP ) – Properties and Applications

Background

Polyethylene terephthalate polyester (PETP) is the most common thermoplastic polyester and is often called just “polyester”. This often causes confusion - not only is the chemically similar polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) also a (thermoplastic) polyester, the most common resin system used in GRP is also a polyester system - and also often called just “polyester”. (In this latter case, however, the polyesters are chemically unsaturated and are “free-radical polymerised” into a thermoset).

General Properties

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a hard, stiff, strong, dimensionally stable material that absorbs very little water. It has good gas barrier properties and good chemical resistance except to alkalis (which hydrolyse it). Its crystallinity varies from amorphous to fairly high crystalline. It can be highly transparent and colourless but thicker sections are usually opaque and off-white.

Polyethylene Terephthalate Films

It is widely known in the form of biaxially oriented and thermally stabilised films usually referred to by their main brand names Mylar, Melinex or Hostaphan. Strictly speaking, these names should be used only for this type of film whose properties are different from, and in several respects superior to, those of “ordinary” polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film.

DEFINISI 5S

(a) Seiri (Sisih) – Menyisih dan membuang barang yang tidak perlu di tempat kerja.
(b) Seiton (Susun) – Menyusun dan menyimpan barang dengan kemas, mudah diambil dan disimpan.
(c) Seiso (Sapu) – Mencuci tempat kerja dengan rapi supaya tiada habuk di lantai, mesin dan peralatan.
(d) Seiketsu (Seragam) – Memelihara kebersihan dan penyusunan sepanjang masa serta mudah mengamalkan Seiri-Seiton-Seiso.
(e) Shitsuke (Sentiasa amal) – Berdisiplin & melatih pekerja mematuhi peraturan dan bertabiat baik di tempat kerja secara berterusan.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Polyvinyl chloride
Density
1390 kg/m3[1]

Young's modulus (E)
2900-3300 MPa

Tensile strength(σt)
50-80 MPa
Elongation at break 20-40%
Notch test 2-5 kJ/m²

Glass temperature
82 °C[1]

Melting point
100–260 °C[1]

Vicat B
85 °C[2]

Heat transfer coefficient (λ) 0.16 W/(m•K)

Effective heat of combustion 17.95 MJ/kg
Linear expansion coefficient (α)
8 10-5/K
Specific heat (c)
0.9 kJ/(kg•K)

Water absorption (ASTM) 0.04-0.4
Price 0.5-1.25 €/kg

Polyvinyl chloride, ( Poly(chloroethanediyl)) commonly abbreviated PVC, is the third most widely used thermoplastic polymer after polyethylene and polypropylene.In terms of revenue generated, it is one of the most valuable products of the chemical industry. Around the world, over 50% of PVC manufactured is used in construction. As a building material, PVC is cheap, durable, and easy to assemble. The PVC world market grew at an average rate of approximately 5% over the last few years and is expected to reach a volume of 40 million tons by the year 2016.

It can be made softer and more flexible by the addition of plasticizers, the most widely-used being phthalates. In this form, it is used in clothing and upholstery, and to make flexible hoses and tubing, flooring, to roofing membranes, and electrical cable insulation. It is also commonly used in figurines and in inflatable products such as waterbeds, pool toys, and inflatable structures.

Materials: Extruded Polyethylene (PE)

Polyethylene is a non-cross linked polyethylene foam, formed of innumerable cells, thermo-chemically expanded from low density polyethylene resins. PE features some outstanding properties. It is durable, weather-proof and dynamically stable with a high tear strength and chemical resistance. It is suitable for repeated and continual use under a wide range of conditions. Essentially, PE is air, in the form of bubbles that have been thermo-chemically welded. Each bubble is fully sealed, attaining a highly buoyant, lightweight and waterproof product. These individual air cells also make this product excellent for preserving cold and hot energy. It is outstanding for use as a packaging material. Its shock absorption, elasticity and thermal insulating properties combined with chemical resistance and antistatic qualities make it an ideal product. Additionally, it features high-level acoustic dampening and anti-vibration qualities. Standard PE is clean white, however it can be printed on or coloured at your request. Laminating techniques can be used to supply various decorative and functional materials to its surface. It boasts a smooth and elegant finish that is pleasant to handle, and will not cling, peel, pill, pop or crack. This enhances its suitability as both a lining and a finish material. PE is manufactured in a variety of forms: Polyfoam PE Roll PE Rolls have thousands of uses, from packaging to carpet underlay. Standard thicknesses are from 0.5mm to 5mm. Widths available are 1m, 1.2m and 1.5m and the rolls are available in various lengths. Polyfoam PE Netting PE Netting is an excellent option when assessing your packaging needs. Whether shipping a bottle of wine, or a crate of mangos; this product can be customised to suit your needs.

Polypropylene (PP) material for pipe applications

Based on the polymerization conditions and the incorporation of the ethylene copolymer, polypropylenes can be differentiated in PP Homopolymer (PP-H), PP Random copolymer (PP-R) and PP Block copolymer (PP-B).

The property profiles of the different types of polypropylene also make them suitable for different types of application: PP-H is normally used in industrial pressure pipe systems and for soil and waste water pipes and fittings, based mainly on its good mechanical properties and excellent chemical resistance. PP-R is a well proven material in domestic pressure piping systems for hot and cold water due to its high internal pressure resistance and long lifetime at elevated temperatures.

For buried sewerage and drainage applications, waste water systems and ducting pipe systems, PP-B is the obvious choice. This is mainly due to its high stiffness, high impact strength, especially at low temperatures, good long term properties and excellent chemical resistance.

Based on these properties, PP-B is commonly used also for other non pressure systems, in particular for soil and waste water piping systems and for cable protection systems.